Exclusive study — wave 3
The 2028 rental shock: mapping the F-rated stock
About 722,000 privately rented F-rated homes are concerned by the 1 January 2028 deadline
After G-rated homes in 2025, F-rated homes are due to leave the rental market on 1 January 2028 (Climate and Resilience Act of 22 August 2021). OneDpe estimates about 722,000 privately rented homes are concerned, including 93,000 in Paris — a concentration that makes the shock primarily a Paris-region problem. A revival bill, presented to the Council of Ministers on 24 June 2026 but not yet passed, could however allow re-letting under a renovation commitment.
Figures frozen on · Source: OneDpe.fr
Key figures
- ~722 000
- privately rented F-rated homes
- estimate calibrated on the ONRE stock — order of magnitude, not a headcount
- ~1,1 M
- F and G homes combined
- total anchored on the ONRE/SDES private rental stock figure
- 93 395
- F-rated homes in Paris
- i.e. 13% of the estimated national total, in a single municipality
- 1ᵉʳ janv. 2028
- entry into force
- after G on 1 January 2025, before E on 1 January 2034
Infographics
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Methodology
Published in full so anyone can check, replicate or challenge it.
Scope, definition, sources and limits
Scope
Private F-rated rental stock estimated by area, across 7,021 matched municipalities. Method: share of F from the DPE database × INSEE private rental stock (tenants excluding social housing). Absolute volumes are calibrated on the ONRE total for private F+G rental stock (1.1 million); the geography comes from the DPE database.
What the figure means
This is an ESTIMATE giving an order of magnitude, not an administrative headcount. Three assumptions are stated: the share of F in the certificate flow approximates the local stock; the share of F among private rentals approximates the overall share (ONRE indicates rentals hold slightly more sieves, so the assumption is conservative); matching is done by normalised municipality name and department.
Sources
- OneDpe — national DPE database (category A, 3CL-2021 method), share of F by area
- INSEE — full census dataset (RP 2022), occupancy status (tenants excluding social housing)
- ONRE / SDES — housing stock by energy class as of 1 January 2025
- Climate and Resilience Act of 22 August 2021 (timeline G 2025 / F 2028 / E 2034)
Limits — what this study does NOT say
- The raw DPE-based figure underestimates the real stock (flow bias): a calibration factor of about 1.76 is applied to anchor the total on ONRE.
- Municipal figures are estimates: they give a reliable ranking between areas, not an exact number of dwellings.
- The study does not anticipate renovation work carried out before 2028.
- The bill for the recovery and decentralisation of housing, presented to the Council of Ministers on 24 June 2026, would allow F- and G-rated homes to be re-let under a renovation commitment (works completed within 3 years for a house, 5 years for a flat in a co-ownership). It passed first reading in the Senate on 8 July 2026 and was sent to the National Assembly on 9 July (text no. 3058), where examination is expected from September 2026. The government’s stated goal is to keep or return 650,000 to 700,000 homes to the rental market — an order of magnitude comparable to the stock estimated here. If finally adopted, the 2028 deadline would not translate into an outright exit from the rental stock.
The data
Ten cities most affected by volume
| City | Dept | Privately rented F homes | Share of F |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paris | 75 | 93 395 | 10,8 % |
| Lyon | 69 | 9 975 | 4,4 % |
| Toulouse | 31 | 7 159 | 2,8 % |
| Marseille | 13 | 7 030 | 2,5 % |
| Lille | 59 | 6 219 | 5,5 % |
| Strasbourg | 67 | 5 042 | 4,2 % |
| Nice | 06 | 4 934 | 4,2 % |
| Bordeaux | 33 | 4 890 | 3,7 % |
| Nantes | 44 | 4 457 | 3,4 % |
| Saint-Étienne | 42 | 4 224 | 7,0 % |
Paris alone accounts for roughly 13% of the estimated national volume.
Ten municipalities most exposed proportionally
| Municipality | Dept | Share of F | Privately rented F homes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Saint-Mandé | 94 | 17,2 % | 1 154 |
| Soisy-sous-Montmorency | 95 | 16,8 % | 427 |
| Villeneuve-Saint-Georges | 94 | 15,3 % | 1 104 |
| Neuilly-sur-Seine | 92 | 13,7 % | 2 549 |
| Ronchin | 59 | 13,6 % | 462 |
| Enghien-les-Bains | 95 | 13,1 % | 422 |
| Trouville-sur-Mer | 14 | 12,9 % | 134 |
| Bois-Colombes | 92 | 12,7 % | 937 |
| Avion | 62 | 12,6 % | 349 |
| Marly-le-Roi | 78 | 12,6 % | 309 |
The highest exposure is concentrated in the inner Paris suburbs, including affluent, tight-market municipalities — the shock does not spare wealthy areas.
Quotes
Attributable and ready to publish. For an interview, see the contact below.
« After G-rated homes in 2025, about 722,000 privately rented F-rated homes are concerned by the 1 January 2028 deadline. It is an order of magnitude, not a headcount — but it gives the measure of the shock. »
« The highest exposure is not limited to struggling areas. Neuilly-sur-Seine, Saint-Mandé and Enghien-les-Bains are among the most exposed municipalities in proportion: high-end period housing is massively rated F. »
About OneDpe
OneDpe.fr is an independent platform of analysis tools for the French energy performance certificate (DPE). It offers free tools — certificate consistency checks, discount estimation, 3CL simulation, 2026 reform simulation, renovation works estimation — built on the analysis of several million certificates from the ADEME open data, cross-referenced with French property transaction data (DVF). OneDpe is published by RIANN SAS (Paris).
Going further
Journalist? Detailed figures, interviews and custom breakdowns: presse@onedpe.fr — reply within 24 hours.